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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
--------------------------------------------------- 5engengTextPage.phpfalsehttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.euhttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Fileshttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Public/https://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Kernel/http://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Public/TextPage.php?ID=5/Public/TextPage.php?ID=5& WebsitePPJean-BenoƮtPiletjpilet@ulb.ac.beTextPageTextPageDatasPageContactsPageFilesPageFilesPageEventsPageContactsPageESCETextPageProject
The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
--------------------------------------------------- 5engengTextPage.phpfalsehttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.euhttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Fileshttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Public/https://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Kernel/http://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Public/TextPage.php?ID=5/Public/TextPage.php?ID=5& WebsitePPJean-BenoƮtPiletjpilet@ulb.ac.beTextPageTextPageDatasPageContactsPageFilesPageFilesPageEventsPageContactsPageESCETextPageProject
The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
--------------------------------------------------- 5engengTextPage.phpfalsehttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.euhttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Fileshttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Public/https://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Kernel/http://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Public/TextPage.php?ID=5/Public/TextPage.php?ID=5& WebsitePPJean-BenoƮtPiletjpilet@ulb.ac.beTextPageTextPageDatasPageContactsPageFilesPageFilesPageEventsPageContactsPageESCETextPageProject
The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
--------------------------------------------------- 5engengTextPage.phpfalsehttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.euhttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Fileshttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Public/https://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Kernel/http://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Public/TextPage.php?ID=5/Public/TextPage.php?ID=5& WebsitePPJean-BenoƮtPiletjpilet@ulb.ac.beTextPageTextPageDatasPageContactsPageFilesPageFilesPageEventsPageContactsPageESCETextPageProject
The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
--------------------------------------------------- 5trueengengTextPage.phpfalsehttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.euhttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Fileshttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Public/https://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Kernel/http://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Public/TextPage.php?ID=5&xml=true/Public/TextPage.php?ID=5&xml=true& WebsitePPJean-BenoƮtPiletjpilet@ulb.ac.beTextPageTextPageDatasPageContactsPageFilesPageFilesPageEventsPageContactsPageESCETextPageProject
The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
--------------------------------------------------- 5trueengengTextPage.phpfalsehttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.euhttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Fileshttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Public/https://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Kernel/http://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Public/TextPage.php?ID=5&xml=true/Public/TextPage.php?ID=5&xml=true& WebsitePPJean-BenoƮtPiletjpilet@ulb.ac.beTextPageTextPageDatasPageContactsPageFilesPageFilesPageEventsPageContactsPageESCETextPageProject
The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
--------------------------------------------------- 5trueengengTextPage.phpfalsehttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.euhttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Fileshttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Public/https://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Kernel/http://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Public/TextPage.php?ID=5&xml=true/Public/TextPage.php?ID=5&xml=true& WebsitePPJean-BenoƮtPiletjpilet@ulb.ac.beTextPageTextPageDatasPageContactsPageFilesPageFilesPageEventsPageContactsPageESCETextPageProject
The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
--------------------------------------------------- 5trueengengTextPage.phpfalsehttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.euhttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Fileshttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Public/https://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Kernel/http://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Public/TextPage.php?ID=5&xml=true/Public/TextPage.php?ID=5&xml=true& 11970RaphaƃĀ«lPochetinfo@ramox.bePPRamox WebsitePPJean-BenoĆ®tPiletjpilet@ulb.ac.beTextPageTextPageDatasPageContactsPageFilesPageFilesPageEventsPageContactsPageESCETextPageProject
The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
--------------------------------------------------- 5trueengengTextPage.phpfalsehttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.euhttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Fileshttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Public/https://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Kernel/http://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Public/TextPage.php?ID=5&xml=true/Public/TextPage.php?ID=5&xml=true& 11970RaphaƃĀ«lPochetinfo@ramox.bePPRamox WebsitePPJean-BenoĆ®tPiletjpilet@ulb.ac.beTextPageTextPageDatasPageContactsPageFilesPageFilesPageEventsPageContactsPageESCETextPageProject
The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
--------------------------------------------------- 5trueengengTextPage.phpfalsehttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.euhttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Fileshttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Public/https://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Kernel/http://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Public/TextPage.php?ID=5&xml=true/Public/TextPage.php?ID=5&xml=true& 11970RaphaƃĀ«lPochetinfo@ramox.bePPRamox WebsitePPJean-BenoĆ®tPiletjpilet@ulb.ac.beTextPageTextPageDatasPageContactsPageFilesPageFilesPageEventsPageContactsPageESCETextPageProject
The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
--------------------------------------------------- 5trueengengTextPage.phpfalsehttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.euhttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Fileshttps://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Public/https://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Kernel/http://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Public/TextPage.php?ID=5&xml=true/Public/TextPage.php?ID=5&xml=true& WebsitePPJean-BenoƮtPiletjpilet@ulb.ac.beTextPageTextPageDatasPageContactsPageFilesPageFilesPageEventsPageContactsPageESCETextPageProject
The project 'Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945' (ESCE) is coordinated by Jean-Benoit Pilet (UniversitƩ libre de Bruxelles) and Alan Renwick (University of Reading).
The ESCE project aims at contributing to our understanding of electoral systems in Europe in two respects. First, the website gives access for 31 European countries to the details of the electoral system they have used since their first democratic elections for the lower chamber. Access to the electoral laws of these 30 countries (in national language and in English for some articles) is also possible.
Secondly, on basis of this unique material, researchers of the ESCE project produce analysis and research notes on the adoption and transformation of electoral systems in Europe. They can be found on the Publications and Working papers sections of this website.
ProjectProject presentationproject,presentation,explanation/media/MEDIA_5/VISUAL/homeImg.png
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Overview of electoral systems used European countries
From this page, you can download country summaries. These files give you the details of the electoral systems used in the country since the first democratic elections. The details included are the electoral formula for the allocation of seats between lists, districts and district magnitude, assembly size, ballot structure (nature of the vote that can be cast) and the method for the allocation of seats within parties.

In addition, you can access the full dataset of electoral systems in Europe since 1945 via our publications page.
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